When a separate lane is provided for left-turning vehicles, the interval during which drivers turn can be described as either protected or permissive. In a protected left-turn movement, the left-turning driver has the exclusive right-of-way and faces no other (legal) conflicts. In a permissive left-turn movement, the left-turning driver may turn only after yielding to other conflicting movements, including vehicles, pedestrians, and/or bicycles. NCHRP Web-Only Document 394: Evaluation of Change and Clear…